CPT vs OPT: What is the Difference? (2025)
CPT vs OPT: What is the difference? Optional Practical Training (OPT) and Curricular Practical Training (CPT) are two distinct types of work authorization available to international students studying in the United States on an F-1 visa. Both programs share the common goal of providing these...
Written by
Patrick Findaro
Published on
14 Jun 2023
Table of Contents:
CPT vs OPT: What is the difference? Optional Practical Training (OPT) and Curricular Practical Training (CPT) are two distinct types of work authorization available to international students studying in the United States on an F-1 visa. Both programs share the common goal of providing these students with practical experience in their respective fields of study. However, they differ in terms of eligibility criteria, purpose, application process, and duration. This comprehensive comparison aims to assist international students in understanding their options and making informed decisions about their practical training opportunities.
Contents
CPT vs OPT: Purpose
OPT is specifically designed to offer international students the invaluable opportunity to gain practical work experience in their field of study, either during the course of their academic program (pre-completion OPT) or after its completion (post-completion OPT). The primary objective of OPT is to bridge the gap between academic studies and real-world experience, enabling students to apply the knowledge and skills acquired during their program to practical scenarios.
Conversely, CPT serves as an integral part of a student’s academic curriculum. It grants students the chance to engage in internships, cooperative education programs, or other work experiences directly related to their field of study. The purpose of CPT is to provide students with hands-on experience and practical knowledge that effectively complements their coursework.
Eligibility
To be eligible for OPT, students must fulfill specific criteria. They must be enrolled in a full-time degree program at an accredited US college or university and have successfully completed at least one academic year of their chosen program. Furthermore, students must diligently maintain their F-1 visa status throughout their OPT period.
CPT eligibility requirements entail enrollment in a full-time degree program at an accredited US college or university, along with the completion of one academic year of their program, unless the academic program necessitates immediate practical training. Additionally, the practical training opportunity must be an integral part of the student’s academic program and directly correlated to their major area of study.
Application Process
The application process for OPT involves two critical steps. Initially, students must obtain a recommendation from their Designated School Official (DSO), who serves as a vital resource throughout their OPT journey. Following this, students are required to submit Form I-765, known as the Application for Employment Authorization, to the USCIS. The timing of the application is of utmost importance, as it must be filed within specific timeframes to ensure its smooth processing and approval before the intended employment start date. It is essential to note that while the typical processing time for an OPT application is approximately 90 days, variations in processing times may occur due to the volume of applications received by the USCIS.
CPT, on the other hand, follows a slightly different process. Students must collaborate closely with their academic advisor or department to secure a qualifying practical training opportunity. Once a suitable position is secured, the student must obtain approval from their DSO, who will promptly update the student's SEVIS record to reflect the CPT authorization. Unlike OPT, CPT does not require a formal application to the USCIS, and no associated processing fees are involved.
CPT vs OPT: Duration
OPT permits students to engage in a maximum of 12 months of full-time employment, whether it is during their academic program (pre-completion OPT) or following its completion (post-completion OPT). However, students majoring in designated STEM fields may qualify for an additional 24-month extension, bringing the total duration of OPT to a maximum of 36 months.
In contrast, CPT can be authorized on either a part-time basis (up to 20 hours per week) or a full-time basis (more than 20 hours per week), contingent upon the academic program’s requirements and the specific practical training opportunity. While there is no specific maximum duration for CPT, it is important to note that students participating in 12 months or more of full-time CPT become ineligible for OPT.
Impact on Future Employment Opportunities
Both OPT and CPT offer invaluable practical experience that significantly enhances a student’s resume and bolsters their job prospects. However, the two programs may differ in terms of their impact on future employment opportunities.
Students participating in CPT often benefit from a more targeted and focused practical training experience, given its direct correlation to their academic program and coursework. This tailored experience allows students to develop specific skills and knowledge that are directly applicable to their future careers.
On the other hand, OPT offers students a higher degree of flexibility in terms of employment opportunities. Students can explore a wider range of roles and industries directly related to their field of study, potentially leading to a more diverse skill set and increased marketability in the job market.
It is also crucial to consider the duration of practical training, as it can significantly impact future employment prospects. Students participating in OPT often have more time to gain practical experience and build robust professional networks, particularly if they qualify for the STEM OPT extension. Conversely, the duration of CPT is typically dictated by the academic program’s requirements, potentially providing students with less time for practical experience and networking opportunities.
Restrictions and Limitations
Both OPT and CPT come with specific restrictions and limitations that students must carefully consider when planning their practical training experiences. For instance, students participating in OPT must diligently maintain their F-1 visa status throughout the entire OPT period. This entails meeting specific requirements, such as promptly reporting any changes in personal information, employment status, or address to their DSO. Additionally, students are limited to a total of 90 days of unemployment during the standard 12-month OPT period (or 150 days during the 36-month STEM OPT extension).
CPT also has its own set of restrictions. The practical training opportunity must be an integral part of the student’s academic program, directly linked to their major area of study. Moreover, students participating in 12 months or more of full-time CPT become ineligible for OPT. It is imperative for students to maintain their F-1 visa status throughout their CPT experience.
Choosing Between OPT and CPT
The decision to pursue either OPT or CPT heavily depends on the individual student’s goals, academic program requirements, and personal preferences. Some students may find that CPT aligns more closely with their academic objectives, providing a highly focused practical training experience directly tied to their coursework. On the other hand, students may prefer the flexibility and potentially longer duration of OPT, enabling them to explore a broader range of employment opportunities aligned with their field of study.
To make an informed decision, students should actively engage in discussions with their academic advisor and DSO. These valuable conversations will shed light on their practical training options and assist in determining the best course of action based on their unique circumstances. By carefully considering their goals, eligibility, and the specific requirements and limitations of each program, students can confidently choose the practical training experience that will maximize the value of their education in the United States.
Disclaimer
Please note that the information presented in this article is intended for informational purposes only and has been aggregated from various sources available on the internet. It does not constitute legal advice or guidance of any sort. The content provided is subject to change as laws and regulations evolve. If you require legal assistance or advice, it is recommended to consult an attorney or qualified legal professional specializing in immigration law. The author and publisher of this article disclaim any liability or responsibility for any errors or omissions or for any actions taken in reliance upon the information provided.
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